A Gentle Guide to the Grammar of Graphics with ggplot2

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# A Gentle Guide to the Grammar of Graphics<br>with <code>ggplot2</code>
## Tampa R Users Meetup
### Garrick Aden-Buie<br><span class="citation">@grrrck</span>
### 2018-01-23<br><br>Follow along: <strong>bit.ly/trug-ggplot2</strong>

---

class: fullscreen, inverse, top, center, text-white
background-image: url("images/letter-g.jpg")

.font150[**Brought to you by the letter...**]

---
layout: true
# Why *ggplot2*?
---

.left-column[
![](images/hadley.jpg)
__Hadley Wickham__
]

.right-column[.font150[
The transferrable skills from ggplot2 are not the idiosyncracies of plotting syntax, but a powerful way of thinking about visualisation, as a way of **mapping between variables and the visual properties of geometric objects** that you can perceive.
]
.footnote[<http://disq.us/p/sv640d>]
]

---

## My personal reasons

- .hl[Functional] data visualization

1. Wrange data
    2. Map data to visual elements
    3. Tweak scales, guides, axis, labels, theme

- Easy to .hl[reason] about how data drives visualization

- Easy to .hl[iterate]

- Easy to be .hl[consistent]

---
layout: false

# What are we getting into?

<br>
`ggplot2` is a huge package: philosophy + functions
<br>...but it's very well organized

<br><br>
*Lots* of examples of not-so-great plots in these slides
<br>...but that's okay

<br><br>
Going to throw a lot at you
<br>...but you'll know *where* and *what* to look for

.img-right[![](images/poppins-bag.gif)]

.img-right[![](images/poppins-bag-kids.gif)]

---
layout: true
# G is for getting started

---

**Easy**: install the [tidyverse](http://tidyverse.org)

```r
install.packages('tidyverse')
```

**Medium**: install just `ggplot2`

```r
install.pacakages('ggplot2')
```

**Expert**: install from GitHub

```r
devtools::install_github('tidyverse/ggplot2')
```

---

## Load the tidyverse

```r
library(tidyverse)
```

```
## ── Attaching packages ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.2.1 ──
```

```
## ✔ ggplot2 2.2.1     ✔ purrr   0.2.4
## ✔ tibble  1.4.1     ✔ dplyr   0.7.4
## ✔ tidyr   0.7.2     ✔ stringr 1.2.0
## ✔ readr   1.1.1     ✔ forcats 0.2.0
```

```
## ── Conflicts ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
```

---

## Other packages you'll need for this adventure

```r
library(lubridate)       # tidyverse
library(reshape2)        # install.packages("reshape2")
library(babynames)       # install.packages("babynames")
```

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data

```r
g <- ggplot()
```
]

---

.right-column[
#### Tidy Data

1. Each variable forms a .hl[column]

2. Each observation forms a .hl[row]

3. Each observational unit forms a table

<br><br>The following example draws from

```r
data(population, package = "tidyr")
```

]

---

.right-column[
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> country </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 1995 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 2000 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 2005 </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> 2010 </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 29.2949 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.69742 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 32.25309 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34.12624 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1237.5314 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1280.42858 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1318.17683 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1359.82146 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 268.0397 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 284.59440 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 298.16580 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 312.24712 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<br>
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> year </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> Canada </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> China </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> USA </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 29.29490 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1237.531 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 268.0397 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.69742 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1280.429 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 284.5944 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 32.25309 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1318.177 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 298.1658 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34.12624 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1359.821 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 312.2471 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

.right-column[

```r
tidy1 <- gather(messy1, 'year', 'population', -country)
```

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> country </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> year </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> population </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 29.295 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1237.531 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 268.040 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.697 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1280.429 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 284.594 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 32.253 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1318.177 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 298.166 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34.126 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1359.821 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 312.247 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

.right-column[

```r
tidy2 <- gather(messy2, 'country', 'population', -year)
```

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> year </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> country </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> population </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 29.295 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 30.697 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 32.253 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Canada </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34.126 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1237.531 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1280.429 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1318.177 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> China </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1359.821 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1995 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 268.040 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2000 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 284.594 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 298.166 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> USA </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 312.247 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics

```r
g + aes()
```

]
---

.right-column[
Map data to visual elements or parameters

- year

- population

- country
]

---

.right-column[
Map data to visual elements or parameters

- year → **x**

- population → **y**

- country → *shape*, *color*, etc.
]

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics
### Geoms

```r
g + geom_*()
```
]

---

Geometric objects displayed on the plot:

.font80[
| Type | Function |
|:----:|:--------:|
| Point | `geom_point()` |
| Line | `geom_line()` |
| Bar | `geom_bar()`, `geom_col()` |
| Histogram | `geom_histogram()` |
| Regression | `geom_smooth()` |
| Boxplot | `geom_boxplot()` |
| Text | `geom_text()` |
| Vert./Horiz. Line | `geom_{vh}line()` |
| Count | `geom_count()` |
| Density | `geom_density()` |
]

---

.right-column[
Those are just the [top 10 most popular geoms](https://eric.netlify.com/2017/08/10/most-popular-ggplot2-geoms/)<sup>1</sup>

See <http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/> for many more options

Or just start typing `geom_` in RStudio

.font70[

```
##  [1] "geom_abline"     "geom_area"       "geom_bar"        "geom_bin2d"     
##  [5] "geom_blank"      "geom_boxplot"    "geom_col"        "geom_contour"   
##  [9] "geom_count"      "geom_crossbar"   "geom_curve"      "geom_density"   
## [13] "geom_density_2d" "geom_density2d"  "geom_dotplot"    "geom_errorbar"  
## [17] "geom_errorbarh"  "geom_freqpoly"   "geom_hex"        "geom_histogram" 
## [21] "geom_hline"      "geom_jitter"     "geom_label"      "geom_line"      
## [25] "geom_linerange"  "geom_map"        "geom_path"       "geom_point"     
## [29] "geom_pointrange" "geom_polygon"    "geom_qq"         "geom_quantile"  
## [33] "geom_raster"     "geom_rect"       "geom_ribbon"     "geom_rug"       
## [37] "geom_segment"    "geom_smooth"     "geom_spoke"      "geom_step"      
## [41] "geom_text"       "geom_tile"       "geom_violin"     "geom_vline"
```
]]

.footnote[[1] <https://eric.netlify.com/2017/08/10/most-popular-ggplot2-geoms/>]

---
layout: true
# Our first plot!
---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tidy1)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/first-plot1a-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tidy1) +
* aes(x = year, 
*     y = population) 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/first-plot1b-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tidy1) +
  aes(x = year,
      y = population) +
* geom_point() 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/first-plot1c-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tidy1) +
  aes(x = year,
      y = population,
*     color = country) + 
  geom_point()
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/first-plot1-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tidy1) +
  aes(x = year,
      y = population,
      color = country) +
  geom_point() +
* geom_line() 
```

.font80[
```r
geom_path: Each group consists
of only one observation. 
Do you need to adjust the 
group aesthetic?
```
]
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/first-plot2-fake-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]
---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tidy1) +
  aes(x = year,
      y = population,
      color = country) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_line(
*   aes(group = country)) 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/first-plot2-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics
### Geoms

```r
g + geom_*()
```
]
---

.right-column[
```r
geom_*(mapping, data, stat, position)
```

- `data` Geoms can have their own data
    - Has to map onto global coordinates

- `map` Geoms can have their own aesthetics
    - Inherits global aesthetics
    - Have geom-specific aesthetics
        - `geom_point` needs `x` and `y`, optional `shape`, `color`, `size`, etc.
        - `geom_ribbon` requires `x`, `ymin` and `ymax`, optional `fill`
    - `?geom_ribbon`
]

---

.right-column[
```r
geom_*(mapping, data, stat, position)
```

- `stat` Some geoms apply further transformations to the data
    - All respect `stat = 'identity'`
    - Ex: `geom_histogram` uses `stat_bin()` to group observations
    
- `position` Some adjust location of objects
    - `'dodge'`, `'stack'`, `'jitter'`
]

---
layout: true
# Example: Stat and Position
---

.pull-left[
#### Star Wars Characters

.font90[

```r
sw_chars <- starwars %>% 
  mutate(
    n_movies = map_int(films, length), 
    gender = ifelse(
      !gender %in% c('female', 'male'), 
      'other', gender)
  ) %>% 
  select(name, gender, n_movies)
```
]]

.pull-right[
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> name </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> gender </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> n_movies </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Luke Skywalker </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> C-3PO </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> R2-D2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 7 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Darth Vader </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Leia Organa </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Owen Lars </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Beru Whitesun lars </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> R5-D4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Biggs Darklighter </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Obi-Wan Kenobi </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Anakin Skywalker </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Wilhuff Tarkin </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chewbacca </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Han Solo </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Greedo </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jabba Desilijic Tiure </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Wedge Antilles </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jek Tono Porkins </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Yoda </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Palpatine </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Boba Fett </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> IG-88 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Bossk </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lando Calrissian </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lobot </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ackbar </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mon Mothma </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Arvel Crynyd </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Wicket Systri Warrick </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Nien Nunb </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Qui-Gon Jinn </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Nute Gunray </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Finis Valorum </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jar Jar Binks </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Roos Tarpals </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Rugor Nass </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ric Olié </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Watto </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sebulba </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Quarsh Panaka </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Shmi Skywalker </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Darth Maul </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Bib Fortuna </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ayla Secura </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dud Bolt </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Gasgano </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ben Quadinaros </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mace Windu </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ki-Adi-Mundi </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kit Fisto </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Eeth Koth </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Adi Gallia </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Saesee Tiin </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Yarael Poof </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Plo Koon </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mas Amedda </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Gregar Typho </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cordé </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cliegg Lars </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Poggle the Lesser </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Luminara Unduli </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Barriss Offee </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dormé </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dooku </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Bail Prestor Organa </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jango Fett </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Zam Wesell </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dexter Jettster </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lama Su </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Taun We </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jocasta Nu </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ratts Tyerell </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> R4-P17 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Wat Tambor </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> San Hill </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Shaak Ti </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Grievous </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Tarfful </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Raymus Antilles </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sly Moore </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Tion Medon </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Finn </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Rey </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Poe Dameron </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> BB8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Captain Phasma </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Padmé Amidala </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(sw_chars) +
  aes(x = n_movies) +
  geom_bar(stat = "count")
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/stat-example-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(sw_chars) +
  aes(x = n_movies,
*     fill = gender) + 
  geom_bar(stat = "count")
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/stat-example2-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.pull-left[.font90[

```r
sw_chars_id <- sw_chars %>% 
  group_by(n_movies, gender) %>% 
  tally
```
]]

.pull-right[
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> n_movies </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> gender </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> n </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 9 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 12 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 9 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> female </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 7 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> other </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(sw_chars_id) +
  aes(x = n_movies,
      y = n,
      fill = gender) +
* geom_bar(stat = 'identity') 
```

.font80[Note: `geom_col()` is alias for <br>`geom_bar(stat = 'identity')` ]
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/stat-example4-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(sw_chars_id) +
  aes(x = n_movies,
      y = n,
      fill = gender) +
* geom_col(position = "fill") 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/stat-example5-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(sw_chars_id) +
  aes(x = n_movies,
      y = n,
      fill = gender) +
* geom_col(position = "dodge") 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/stat-example3-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
layout: false
exclude: true
# Stat and position are functions too

#### Stat transformations

```
##  [1] "stat_bin"         "stat_bin_2d"      "stat_bin_hex"     "stat_bin2d"      
##  [5] "stat_binhex"      "stat_boxplot"     "stat_contour"     "stat_count"      
##  [9] "stat_density"     "stat_density_2d"  "stat_density2d"   "stat_ecdf"       
## [13] "stat_ellipse"     "stat_function"    "stat_identity"    "stat_qq"         
## [17] "stat_quantile"    "stat_smooth"      "stat_spoke"       "stat_sum"        
## [21] "stat_summary"     "stat_summary_2d"  "stat_summary_bin" "stat_summary_hex"
## [25] "stat_summary2d"   "stat_unique"      "stat_ydensity"
```

#### Position transformations

```
## [1] "position_dodge"       "position_fill"        "position_identity"   
## [4] "position_jitter"      "position_jitterdodge" "position_nudge"      
## [7] "position_stack"
```

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics
### Geoms
### Facet

```r
g+facet_wrap()

g+facet_grid()
```
]
---

.right-column[

```r
g <- ggplot(sw_chars) +
  aes(x = n_movies,
      fill = gender) +
  geom_bar()
```
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g + facet_wrap(~ gender)
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" width="75%" />
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g + facet_grid(gender ~ hair_color)
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="75%" />
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g + facet_grid(gender ~ hair_color, scales = 'free_y')
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" width="75%" />
]

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics
### Geoms
### Facet
### Labels

```r
g + labs()
```
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g <- g + 
  labs(
    x = "Film Appearances",
    y = "Count of Characters",
    title = "Recurring Star Wars Characters",
    subtitle = "How often do characters appear?",
    fill = "Gender"
  )
```
]

---

.right-column[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" width="90%" />
]

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics
### Geoms
### Facet
### Labels
### Scales

```r
g + scale_*_*()
```
]
---

.right-column[ 
`scale` + `_` + `<aes>` + `_` + `<type>` + `()`

What parameter do you want to adjust? → `<aes>` <br>
What type is the parameter? → `<type>`

- I want to change my discrete x-axis<br>`scale_x_discrete()`
- I want to change point size from continuous variable<br>`scale_size_continuous()`
- I want to rescale y-axis as log<br>`scale_y_log10()`
- I want to use a different color palette<br>`scale_fill_discrete()`<br>`scale_color_manual()`
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g <- g + scale_fill_brewer(palette = 'Set1')
```

]

---
layout: true
# gg is for Grammar of Graphics

.left-column[
### Data
### Aesthetics
### Geoms
### Facet
### Labels
### Scales
### Theme

```r
g + theme()
```
]

---

.right-column[
Change the appearance of plot decorations<br>
i.e. things that aren't mapped to data

A few "starter" themes ship with the package

- `g + theme_bw()`
- `g + theme_dark()`
- `g + theme_gray()`
- `g + theme_light()`
- `g + theme_minimal()`

]

---

.right-column[
Huge number of parameters, grouped by plot area:

- Global options: `line`, `rect`, `text`, `title`
- `axis`: x-, y- or other axis title, ticks, lines
- `legend`: Plot legends
- `panel`: Actual plot area
- `plot`: Whole image
- `strip`: Facet labels
]
---

.right-column[
Theme options are supported by helper functions:

- `element_blank()` removes the element
- `element_line()`
- `element_rect()`
- `element_text()`
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g + theme_bw()
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" width="90%" />
]

---

.right-column[
.font80[

```r
g + theme_minimal() + theme(text = element_text(family = "Palatino"))
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png" width="90%" />
]
]

---

.right-column[
You can also set the theme globally with `theme_set()`

```r
my_theme <- theme_bw() +
  theme(
    text = element_text(family = "Palatino", size = 12),
    panel.border = element_rect(colour = 'grey80'), 
    panel.grid.minor = element_blank()
  )

theme_set(my_theme)
```
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-12-1.png" width="90%" />
]

---

.right-column[

```r
g + theme(legend.position = 'bottom')
```

<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" width="90%" />
]

---
layout: false
count: hide
class: fullscreen, inverse, top, left, text-white
background-image: url(images/super-grover.jpg)

.font200[You have the power!]
---

class: inverse, center, middle

# "Live" Coding

```r
data(tips, package = "reshape2")
```

---
# head(tips)

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> total_bill </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> tip </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> sex </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> smoker </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> day </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> time </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> size </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.99 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Female </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 10.34 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.66 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.01 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.50 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 23.68 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.31 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 24.59 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.61 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Female </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 25.29 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.71 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8.77 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.00 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 26.88 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.12 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.04 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.96 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.78 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.23 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> No </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sun </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Dinner </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---
# tips: tip histogram

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = tip) +
* geom_histogram(   
*   binwidth = 0.25 
* )                 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot1-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
layout: true
# tips: tip density
---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = tip) +
* geom_density(     
*   aes(fill = day) 
* )                 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-density1-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = tip) +
  geom_density(
    aes(fill = day),
*   alpha = 0.4 
  )
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-density2-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = tip/total_bill) +
  geom_density(
    aes(fill = day)
  ) +
* facet_wrap(~ day) 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-density3-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
layout: true
# tips: tip vs total
---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = total_bill,
*     y = tip) + 
* geom_point()   
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total1-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = total_bill,
      y = tip) +
  geom_point() +
* geom_smooth(method = "lm") 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total2-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = total_bill,
      y = tip) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_smooth(method = "lm")+ 
* geom_abline(            
*   slope = c(0.2, 0.15), 
*   intercept = 0,        
    color = c('#69b578', 
              "#dd1144"),
    linetype = 3)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total3-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = total_bill,
*     y = tip/total_bill) + 
  geom_point() +
* geom_hline( 
    yintercept = c(0.2, 0.15),
    color = c('#69b578', 
              "#dd1144"),
    linetype = 1)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total4-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
*tips$percent <-  
* tips$tip/tips$total_bill

ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = size,
*     y = percent, 
*     color = smoker) + 
  geom_point()
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total5-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
tips$percent <- 
  tips$tip/tips$total_bill

ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = size,
      y = percent,
      color = smoker) +
* geom_jitter(width = 0.25) 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total5b-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = day,
      y = percent,
      color = sex) +
  geom_jitter(width = 0.25) +
* facet_grid(time ~ smoker) 
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total6-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
tips <- mutate(tips,
* time = factor(time, 
*   c("Lunch", "Dinner")), 
* day = factor(day, 
*   c("Thur", "Fri", 
*     "Sat", "Sun") 
  ))

ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = day,
      y = percent,
      color = sex) +
  geom_jitter(width = 0.25) +
  facet_grid(time ~ smoker)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total62-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = day,
      y = percent,
      fill = time) +
* geom_boxplot() + 
  facet_grid(. ~ smoker)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total7-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]
---

.left-code[

```r
ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = day,
      y = percent,
*     color = smoker, 
*     fill  = smoker) + 
* geom_violin(alpha = 0.3) + 
  facet_wrap(~ smoker)
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total8-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]
---

.left-code[

```r
g <- ggplot(tips) +
  aes(x = day,
      y = percent,
      color = smoker,
      fill = smoker) +
  geom_violin(alpha = 0.3) + 
* geom_jitter(alpha = 0.4,   
*             width = 0.25,  
*             size  = 0.8)+  
  facet_wrap(~ smoker)
g
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total9-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---

.left-code[

```r
g + guides(color = FALSE,
           fill  = FALSE) +
  labs(x = '', 
       y = 'Tip Rate') +
* scale_y_continuous(        
*   labels = scales::percent 
* )                          
```
]

.right-plot[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/tips-plot-total10-out-1.png" width="100%" />
]

---
layout: false
class: inverse, center, middle

# Level up

```r
data(babynames, 'babynames')
```

---
# head(babynames)

The [babynames package](https://github.com/hadley/babynames) contains data provided by the USA social security administration:

* `babynames`: For each year from 1880 to 2015, the number of children of <br>
  each sex given each name. All names with more than 5 uses are given.

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> year </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> sex </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> name </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> n </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> prop </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1989 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> F </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Taunya </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1982 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Zebulin </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1884 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> M </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Wheeler </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 10 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1989 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> F </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Neelam </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1957 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> F </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kelly </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1909 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.001 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2004 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> F </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Gizell </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.000 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---
layout: true
# Most popular baby names in 2015
---

.pull-left[

```r
babynames_pop2015 <- babynames %>% 
  filter(year == 2015) %>% 
  mutate(
    n = n/1000,
    sex = case_when(
      sex == "F" ~ "Girl Names",
      TRUE ~ "Boy Names"
  )) %>% 
  group_by(sex) %>% 
  top_n(10, n)
```
]

.pull-right[
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> year </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> sex </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> name </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> n </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> prop </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Boy Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Noah </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.511 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.010 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Boy Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Liam </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.281 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.009 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Boy Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mason </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.535 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.008 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Boy Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jacob </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.816 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.008 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Girl Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Emma </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.355 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.011 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Girl Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Olivia </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.553 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.010 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Girl Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sophia </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 17.327 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.009 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2015 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Girl Names </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ava </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 16.286 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.008 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

```r
g_babynames <- ggplot(babynames_pop2015) +
* aes(y = n, x = name) +
* geom_col()
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-19-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_babynames <- ggplot(babynames_pop2015) +
  aes(y = n, x = name) +
  geom_col() +
* coord_flip()
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-20-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_babynames <- ggplot(babynames_pop2015) +
* aes(y = n, x = fct_reorder(name, n)) +
  geom_col() +
  coord_flip()
```

<br>📦 `fct_reorder` comes from the tidyverse package `forecats`

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-21-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_babynames <- ggplot(babynames_pop2015) +
* aes(y = n, x = fct_reorder(name, n), fill = sex) +
  geom_col() +
  coord_flip()
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-22-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_babynames <- ggplot(babynames_pop2015) +
  aes(y = n, x = fct_reorder(name, n), fill = sex) +
  geom_col() +
  coord_flip() +
* facet_wrap( ~ sex, scales = 'free_y')
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-23-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_babynames <- ggplot(babynames_pop2015) +
  aes(y = n, x = fct_reorder(name, n), fill = sex) +
  geom_col() +
* geom_text(
*   aes(label = format(n*1000, big.mark = ',')),
*   size = 9, hjust = 1.1, 
*   color = 'white', family = 'Fira Sans'
* ) +
  coord_flip() +
  facet_wrap( ~ sex, scales = 'free_y')
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-24-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_babynames +
  labs(x = '', 
       y = 'Number of Babies Born in 2015 (thousands)') + 
  guides(fill = FALSE) +
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = c("Boy Names"  = "#77cbb9",
               "Girl Names" = "#a077cb")) +
  theme(
    strip.text = element_text(face = 'bold', size = 20),
    strip.background = element_blank(),
    text = element_text(size = 24)
  )
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/babynames-popular-out-callout-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

---
layout: true
# Gender-bending baby names
---

Find babynames that were

1. More "boyish" or "girlish" in pre-1900s and opposite in post-1900s

2. Pick top 10 boy ↔ girl names
--

**Boy → Girl Names:**<br> Madison, Ashley, Alexis, Lauren, Taylor, Addison, Sydney, Allison, Morgan, Aubrey

**Girl → Boy Names:**<br> Ollie, Jean, Lou, Cruz, Frankie, Alpha, Artie, Vinnie, Donnie, Lue

---

.pull-left[
Data-preprocessing:

1. Un-tidy `sex` column into `Female` and `Male`

2. Calculate difference in proportion by name

3. Add groups for area plot (thank you [stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/a/7883556)!)

<br><br>Check out `babynames-prep.R` in repo
]

.pull-right[
<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> year </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> name </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> prop </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> prop_group </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1884 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Taylor </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.00017 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1901 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jean </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00103 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1917 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Frankie </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00027 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1937 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Allison </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.00002 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1967 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Frankie </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.00024 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1981 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Donnie </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.00024 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1984 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Allison </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00334 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1994 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Ollie </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.00001 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2010 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Addison </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00518 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2014 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Morgan </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00134 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

```r
ggplot(sel_change_babynames) + 
  aes(x = year, y = prop)
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/genben-plot1-out-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
ggplot(sel_change_babynames) + 
  aes(x = year, y = prop) +
* geom_line(color = "grey50", aes(group=name))
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/genben-plot2-out-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
ggplot(sel_change_babynames) + 
  aes(x = year, y = prop, fill = prop > 0) +
* geom_area(aes(group = prop_group)) +
  geom_line(color = "grey50", aes(group=name))+
* facet_wrap(~ name, scales = 'free_y', ncol = 5)
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/genben-plot3-out-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_bnc <- ggplot(sel_change_babynames) + 
  aes(x = year, y = prop, fill = prop > 0) +
  geom_area(aes(group = prop_group)) +
  geom_line(color = "grey50", aes(group=name))+
  facet_wrap(~ name, scales = 'free_y', ncol = 5) + 
* scale_fill_manual(values = c("#6ec4db", "#fa7c92")) +
* guides(fill = FALSE) +
* labs(x = '', y = '')

g_bnc
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/genben-plot4-out-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

```r
g_bnc <- g_bnc +
  theme_minimal(base_family = 'Palatino') +
  theme(
    axis.text.y = element_blank(),
    strip.text = element_text(size = 18, face = 'bold'),
    panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "grey80", linetype = 3))
```

.plot-callout[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/genben-plot5-out-1.png" width="306" height="99%" />
]

---

---
layout: false
class: inverse, middle, center

# g is for Goodbye
---
layout: true
# Stack Exchange is Awesome
---

![](images/stack-exchange-search.png)
---
![](images/stack-exchange-answer.png)

---
layout: false

# ggplot2 Extensions: ggplot2-exts.org

![](images/ggplot2-exts-gallery.png)

---
# ggplot2 and beyond

### Learn more

- **ggplot2 docs:** <http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/>

- **R4DS - Data visualization:** <http://r4ds.had.co.nz/data-visualisation.html>

- **Hadley Wickham's ggplot2 book:** <https://www.amazon.com/dp/0387981403/>

### Noteworthy RStudio Add-Ins

- [ggplotThemeAssist](https://github.com/calligross/ggthemeassist): Customize your ggplot theme interactively

- [ggedit](https://github.com/metrumresearchgroup/ggedit): Layer, scale, and theme editing

---

# Practice and Review

### Fun Datasets

- `fivethirtyeight`

- `nycflights`

- `ggplot2movies`

- `population` and `who` in `tidyr`

### Review

- Slides and code on GitHub: <http://github.com/gadenbuie/trug-ggplot2>

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# Thanks!

.font150.text-white[
@grrrck <br>
github.com/gadenbuie <br>
Garrick Aden-Buie
]